Studi Evaluasi Paparan Debu PM 2,5 Terhadap Gangguan Fungsi Paru Pekerja PT X

Abstract

ABSTRAK
Banyak penyakit akibat kerja disebabkan oleh pekerja menghirup senyawa/materi yang digunakan dalam lingkungan industri. Salah satunya adalah partikel padat kecil yaitu debu dengan ukuran ≤ 2.5 μm yang dapat terabsorpsi secara efisien ke dalam jaringan paru-paru dan menyebabkan terjadinya fibrosis paru. PT X adalah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang pembuatan produk militer dan komersil di Indonesia. Di Divisi TC&AP Departemen COR 1 PT X, proses cor logam dengan menggunakan cetakan pasir menghasilkan banyak debu dengan kandungan kristal silika bebas (SiO 2 ) hingga 96%. Fibrosis akibat silika/silikosis, menyebabkan efek sesak napas, lemah, kekurangan oksigen, ekspansi dada berkurang hingga gagal jantung. Maka perlu dilakukan evaluasi pengaruh paparan debu PM 2,5 terhadap gangguan fungsi paru pada 30 orang pekerja yang berada di daerah ini. Debu yang dapat terhirup diukur dengan sensor, fungsi paru dengan spirometer, dan dikumpulkan pula faktor penentu fungsi paru, yaitu usia, tinggi badan, status gizi, masa kerja, kebiasaan olahraga, kebiasaan merokok, riwayat penyakit, dan penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD). Data diolah dengan regresi linier berganda, menunjukkan hasil bahwa 12 pekerja menderita restriksi, 4 obstruksi, dan sisanya adalah normal. Hasil regresi menunjukan bahwa fungsi paru dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh paparan debu, usia, tinggi badan, kebiasaan merokok, masa kerja, dan penggunaan APD. Disarankan agar perusahaan mengisolasi proses penghancuran cetakan pasir, memantau fungsi paru pekerja secara periodik, dan mengharuskan pekerja menggunakan APD selama bekerja.

ABSTRACT
Many occupationals diseases are caused by the workers inhaling hazardous materials used in industries. One of them are small solid particles, known as dust with a size of ≤ 2.5 μm which can be absorbed efficiently into the lung tissues and cause pulmonary fibrosis. PT X is a company engaged in manufacturing military and commercial products in Indonesia. In the TC&AP Division of the COR 1 Department PT X, metal cast process using sand molds produces lots of dust with a free crystalline silica (SiO 2 ) content up to 96%. Fibrosis due to silica/silicosis, causes shortness of breath, weakness, lack of oxygen, reduced chest expansion, which may cause failure. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the effect of PM 2.5 dust exposure on pulmonary function disorders of 30 workers in this area. Respirable dust was measured by a sensor, lung function with a spirometer, and the determinants of lung function were also collected, namely age, height, nutritional status, years of service, exercise habits, smoking habits, medical history, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Data were processed using linear multiple regression, showing the results that 12 workers suffered from restriction, 4 from obstruction, and the rest were normal. Regression results indicated that lung function was significantly affected by dust exposure, age, height, smoking habits, years of service, and use of PPE. It is recommended to isolate the process of sand molds destruction, to periodically monitor the workers' lung function, and to require workers to wear PPE during work.